Monday, December 30, 2019

A Worn Path Phoenix Jackson a Very Old Woman Essay

Heroes are born everyday. But not all of them have to be able to fly around the world or stop a bullet with their teeth. They dont have to be like superman and wonder woman. There are many hereos in the world, you just have to know where to look for them. They are just ordinary people a lot of the time. Many of them can be parents and grandparents. It all depends on what the person does to be considered a hero, such as a grandparent that would walk about 50 miles to get medicine for their sick grandson. That is what Phoenix Jackson did for her grandson in the short story, A Worn Path. Phoenix Jackson is a very old woman who lives out in the backcountry of Mississippi with her sick grandson. She takes care of him because she is his†¦show more content†¦On the way to getting her grandsons medicine she has to deal with a lot of harsh conditions to get to the big city. She has to go through marshes and thorn bushes. Swampy part where the moss hung as lace from every limb. Thorns, you doing your appointed work. Never want to let anyone pass, no sir . Phoenix has endured going through thorns and swampy places so that she can get the medication for her grandson. She never gives up, no matter how tough things get. She is determined to get to the city as soon as she can so that she can get back to see her grandson. Phoenix also forgets her purpose for the mission in which she goes every now and then. But soon after she remembers and keeps on going. Phoenix lives with her grandson who she takes care of. She has to walk all the way from her small home in the woods to the big city so that she can get medication for her grandson, who has a problem with his throat. But on the way she runs into harsh conditions. These conditions do not set her off her course or slow her down. Phoenix is a hero in her own way. She takes care of her sick grandson, and she walks all the way to the big city so that the medicine that her grandson needs would be free. Good literature is as this short story is. It shows the real world and not of the worlds where super heroes fly around the world 20 times in 10 seconds. Real life heroes arent like those in comic books. They are everyday people that do things like youShow MoreRelatedDecoding The Symbolism Used in A Worn Path by Eudora Welty1276 Words   |  6 PagesToday we will be talking about the different literary references used throughout Eudora Welty’s â€Å"A Worn Path†. I will explai n and decode different techniques used by the author throughout her story. The story is of an old southern African American woman, named Phoenix Jackson, making her way into to town to pick up her grandsons medication from the doctor’s office. But this is no normal old woman. She cannot see and is picking her way with a cane to make her way across a barrage of obstacles.Read MoreSymbolism in A Worn Path By Eudora Welty1096 Words   |  5 Pagesjust weren’t advancing economically. A Worn Path by Eudora Welty is a story about an old African American woman named Phoenix Jackson who takes a journey along a path with manifold of dangerous objects. Phoenix Jackson takes the journey thru the path because her grandson drank liquid named lye and got sick from his throat. Phoenix Jackson makes her journey thru the path to go to the doctor’s office to get some medicine. As Phoenix Jackson walks thru the path she encounters a lot of animals like foxesRead More Realism i n Eudora Weltys A Worn Path Essay1229 Words   |  5 PagesRealism in Eudora Weltys A Worn Path Eudora Weltys A Worn Path is a story that emphasizes the natural symbolism of the surroundings. The main character in the story, Phoenix Jackson, is an old black woman who seeks out to find medicine for her sick nephew. This story contains a motif, which is the continuous walking of Phoenix Jackson throughout her journey. She lives in the pinewoods and faces the challenging experience of walking through the snowy, frozen earth to get to the hospitalRead MoreSymbolism of the Title a Worn Path891 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolism of the Title â€Å"A Worn Path† The short story, â€Å"A Worn Path† by Eudora Welty describes a very interesting character whose name is Phoenix Jackson. She isn’t your average person. Phoenix is a very old and boring women but the story is still interesting. The title is very symbolic of the story and has a very good meaning. Throughout the story you begin to learn more and more about Phoenix and you also discover some important things. Phoenix Jackson is a very old and small woman. She wore a darkRead MoreAnalyzing ‚Äà ºA Worn Path‚Äà ¹ by Eudora Welty - 1875 Words   |  4 PagesAnalyzing â€Å"A Worn Path† by Eudora Welty In the story â€Å"A Worn Path†, Eudora Welty shows an old woman living in a time period where racial prejudice is very high and out of control. Phoenix Jackson is a grandmother whose motivation for living seems to be to nurture her grandson back to health. The strength of love may make people do or say unusual and implausible things. The central idea of this story is that love can empower someone to overcome many life threatening obstacles. This idea isRead MoreEssay about A Worn Path by Eudora Welty 21212 Words   |  5 PagesA Worn Path In the story by Eudora Welty, â€Å"The Worn Path† Phoenix Jackson is a complex character who defies a stereotype in a symbolic way. Weltys story describe Phoenix as the o;d lady who had to travel miles a day in order to prove to the other characters that her grandson was not dead. Having to prove that her grandson was not dead Phoenix had three traits of characteristics. She was loving, determined, and persistent. These traits help her to overcome being stereotyped and ultimately herRead MoreSymbolic Source In A Worn Path by Eudora Welty1287 Words   |  6 Pagescatching fire; their symbol is a mocking bird with an arrow on it. A Worn Path is about a long walk through the woods an old lady named Phoenix Jackson has to go through every time her grandson runs out of medicine. A long time ago her grandson swallowed lye that ruined his throat, the medicine is the only thing that relives the pain to his grandson. Throughout the woods to Natchez town Phoenix goes through so many things. Phoenix would go through the woods every time his grandson would finish hisRead MoreThe Character Of Phoenix Jackson, A Worn Path939 Words   |  4 Pages2014 The Character of Phoenix Jackson,† A Worn Path† Eudora Welty’s â€Å"A Worn Path,† is a story about an elderly woman name Phoenix Jackson walking on a path to Natchez to get some medicine for her ill grandson that swallowed some lye that affected him severely. The story portrayed a vivid idea of her personalities and the readers realize how unique Phoenix Jackson is. Phoenix faced many trials and tribulations while on her journey but she continued to move forward. Phoenix character is like noneRead Morecompare contrast1165 Words   |  5 PagesRose for Emily Vs. A Worn Path In the pages of the short stories, â€Å"A Worn Path† and â€Å"A Rose for Emily† we are able to see a similar side and connection between the two. As we look at the theme, tone, and morals we are able to better grasp the conflict in these two stories, while detecting whether the two protagonists, Miss Emily and Phoenix Jackson are psychologically splintered. The main moral in â€Å"A Worn Path† is the love, and life of Phoenix Jackson. â€Å"Though quite old and suffering from infirmitiesRead MoreA Worn Path Research Paper959 Words   |  4 PagesHeroic Efforts Of Phoenix Jackson In â€Å"A Worn Path† In Eudora Welty’s â€Å"A Worn Path,† the character Phoenix Jackson is introduced. Phoenix Jackson is an uneducated, African-American woman without any family besides her sick grandson. Phoenix is the hero of this story and fits the role well by delivering much-needed medicine to her grandson. Phoenix shows many distinct traits that reveal her to be a hero to her grandson. The heroic feats she accomplishes pave a path that leads to her satisfaction as

Sunday, December 22, 2019

John Keats Poetry Analysis - 864 Words

Despite his close association with romanticism, John Keats was not always a lover. A childhood friend said of Keats, â€Å"His penchant was for fighting. He would fight anyone (John).† Keats lived to be only twenty-five years old before dying of tuberculosis and spent several of those years training to become a surgeon before abandoning his apothecary studies to become a poet. The subject matter of Keats’ poetry ranges from politics, to Greek-style epics, to love letter odes to nature (John). Keats became more closely aligned with romanticism as he befriended other romantic era poets and was described as being part of a, â€Å"new school that would revive Nature and put a spirit of youth in everything (John),†Ã¢â‚¬  by Examiner editor Leigh Hunt.†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"To Autumn† is filled with lush autumnal imagery that begins by describing autumn as the, â€Å"Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun (Keats To).† Keats praises the beauty and bounty of autumn throughout the poem and lauds it in a way that is not expected for the season that transitions the liveliness of summer to the sobriety of winter. In fact, Keats reassures autumn that it does not need to compare itself to spring, â€Å"Where are the songs of spring? Ay, Where are they? Think not of them, thou hast thy music too (Keats To).† This line seems oddly comforting to be addressed to a non sentient time of year, but given Keats’ other characterizations of autumn throughout the poem it makes sense. Through illustrations like, â€Å"Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may find Thee sitting careless on a granary floor, Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind (Keats To),† and, â€Å"sometimes like a gleaner thou dost keep Steady thy laden head across a brook (Keats To),† Keats depicts autumn as a rather feminine, graceful, gentle harvester. Given Keats’ taste for greek mythology, it is easy to see similarities between the description of autumn here and the Greek goddess of the harvest, Demeter. The most defining characteristic of romantic poetry is the appreciation of nature; â€Å"To Autumn† is essentially a love letter to nature. Each line of â€Å"To Autumn† treasures what the season does, â€Å"AndShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of John Keats s Poetry1013 Words   |  5 Pagesit through the beauty of nature’s imagery. John Keats uses a different aspect of fall in each stanza. He describes the ripening of fruit, processes of the harvest, and sounds of insects and animals. Each aspect was expressed in such a way it was as if I was experiencing the aspects of autumn myself. There is something sublime about the things he is describing. His words take what I would see as ordinary and make it seem exceptional. Historical content Keats, a romantic poet, wrote â€Å"To Autumn† in 1819Read MoreJohn Keats s Life Of Poetry1024 Words   |  5 PagesLike many poets, John Keats has had a very troubling and traumatic life and it shows in his writings of poetry. Death and many other awful troubles causing him to have a life that anyone would feel horrible in. John Keat’s poetry has many dark recurring themes. One speculation is that his poetry was an escape from his melancholy filled life. There are many aspects to Keats’s life that could have been motivation to write his poetry. One would say that he connected works of poetry with the events ofRead MoreCombined Experience of Suffering, Death and Love all at Once1541 Words   |  7 Pagestheir work. John Keats was a famous poet who grew up in an idyllic life until tragedy continuously stroked until his death at twenty-five years old. At eight years old, his father died in a tragic riding accident. Six years later, his mother died of tuberculosi s (TB). In the midst of his troubles, his teacher strongly encouraged his reading and literacy ambitions. Living next to an insane asylum, Keats eventually started to develop physical and emotional problems. Diagnosed with TB, Keats helplesslyRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of John Keatss Ode To Autumn830 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of John Keats Ode to Autumn My initial reaction to this work evoked a taste of wanting to taste the fruit of season. The poem, Ode to Autumn, also reverted me back to my years of early reading when I read â€Å"The Secret Garden†. I am enamored by the way Keats almost makes me see the fruit and vines. Reading about the symbionic relationship that takes place between the sun and the changing season is awe-inspiring; as it relates to the reaction or the beauty that is created based on that relationshipRead MoreJohn Keats: The Next Shakespeare Essay829 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Keats can easily be ranked as the top British poet to ever live; or at least in the top five ranking mark. His usage of his poems structures has become famous, just as his poems have become famous. Due to the young death of this famous poet, his literary work was cut short. Ever since he knew he was going to die, when he discovered he had contracted tuberculosis, he had thought that he would never be remembered; so much so that a ccording to the web-site â€Å"Poets Graves† which states the inscriptionRead MoreJohn Keats : The Five Senses, Reality Departures, And Nature1628 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"If Poetry comes not as naturally as Leaves to a tree it had better not come at all† (biography). John Keats was an English-born poet who was known for his sonnets, romances, and epics. He was a well-known romantic poet who was criticized because of his style of poetry. In his poems, Keats uses frequent themes such as death, the five senses, reality departures, and nature. As a romantic poet, John Keats uses imagery and emotion based themes as way to display his beliefs in his poetry. Born inRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Ode Of Spring By John Keats Essay1376 Words   |  6 PagesIn the poem Ode to Autumn by John Keats, my initial thoughts of this work is how the author does a beautiful job describing the season. The way that he makes his words come to life. The poem makes you feel as if you are right there in the midst of autumn. As I read through the poem, it was as if I could inhale the autumn air. I think the thing that I loved most about this piece is the mere fact that it is my most favorite season of the year. When the poem talks about the songs of spring, it tellsRead Moreâ€Å"Beauty is truth, truth beauty† Essay767 Words   |  4 PagesOf the five odes written by John Keats, this ode was written to show the beauty of love through a work of art. This work of art is a Grecian Urn, one side adorned with a woman being pursued by a â€Å"bold lover† and on the other a priest leading a heifer to be sacrificed. The beauty of this poem is given in five stanzas of iambic pentameter with a two part rhyme scheme, giving the poem a sense of a two part structure and, furthermore, two meanings just as there are two sides of the urn. The manifestRead MoreGood Morning And Thankyou For Tuning Into The Poet s Voice1391 Words   |  6 Pagesyou a poem called â€Å"Ode on Melancholy†, by the British Romantic poet John Keats, who is arguably the most popular romantic poet of his era. Through a discussion of Keats and a close analysis of the poem I will talk about how â€Å"Ode on Melancholy† upholds the dominant ideologies of the romantic period, the period in which the poem was constructed. First of all, we must delve into John Keats and explore his life a little. John Keats was born on the 31st of October, 1795, in London where he lived withRead More An Analysis of On Sitting Down To Read King Lear Once Again Essay1144 Words   |  5 Pages An Analysis of On Sitting Down To Read King Lear Once Again nbsp; The poem On Sitting Down to Read King Lear Once Again by John Keats is a sonnet about Keats relationship with the drama that became his idea of tragic perfection, and how it relates to his own struggle with the issues of short life and premature death. Keats uses the occasion of the rereading this play to explore his seduction by it and its influence on himself and his ways of looking at himself and his situation in spite

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Social Structure Theory Paper Free Essays

Statistically, people in one social environment do end to behave differently from people in a very different environment. Social structure are patterns that reflect our everyday lives. Poor people are viewed as the main ones quick to commit crimes. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Structure Theory Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Cultural deviance leads, for example, to the formation of well-organized gangs. If poor behavior in younger children is pointed out early and seek help in advance the problem should be prevented. Most violent behavior with children begin at home then occurs next in school. Young children experiencing delinquent behavior should be seen by a psychiatrist to diagnosis the issues. I am going to discuss n the last part of this paper, what are some possible ramifications for this social policy change. The video that I have chosen for this paper is the â€Å"Senseless Hate Crime† to best fit with my agreements of the social structure theory being the main reason for criminality evolving. Social structure theory is defined as unfavorable circumstances among the economic class being the main concern of crimes occurring. Crime occurs when people are frustrated by the lack of financial success. Some people who are under stress turn to crime, but negative emotions may build up. It is armor that most young adults who are fresh in college will experience doing drugs or drinking alcohol. Running head: SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORY PAPER 3 Most young adults that become drug or alcohol addicts must have their substance. If addicts are without their substance he/she will do whatever comes to his/her mind. In the video â€Å"Senseless Hate Crime† on July 2, 1 990, a man named Julio Riviera was killed by a gang known as DMS because he was gay. Riviera was a considered a peaceful man that worked as a bar tender. Riviera was loved by his community and he was trying to escape the violence n the streets in Queens, New York. There were three guys that killed Riviera in a schoolyard in Queens, New York. One of the top suspects was 21 year old Daniel Doyle who was a college student that became a violent person in college. Doyle became addicted to drugs and would tease other students at school. He was raised by his parents who raised him to be a respectful and responsible adult. His behavior had changed and Doyle became involved in a gang known as Doc Martens Skinheads. Erik Brown twenty-one years of age and Seat Basic twenty years of age both help brutally murder Julio Riviera. Doyle along with his two friends were out drinking at his house and they left headed out to kill whoever they could find as a target. They ended up finding Mr.. Riviera hanging out and he became their victim. This film was selected because it explains the causes of how an innocent life can be taken. Mr.. River did not know that he was a target to someone murdering him. His life was taken due to irresponsible young adults who abused drug and alcohol. Doyle and his friends chose to join a gang that would forever destroy their lives as young adults. According to Christian Parents says that, â€Å"when crime is a reusing issue, community infiltration frequently focuses on stopping the violence rather than on broader questions of social justice and economic redistribution† (2000). Mr.. Riviera was a man that was innocently killed by violent young adults, who were under the influence of alcohol. 4 The people in Queens, New Horal felt that the case should have been classified as a hate crime, but Mr.. Riviera autopsy reports revealed he had drugs found in his body. Mr.. River’s case was a very disturbing case especially for his family, they believe justice was served, but it took a while for it to occur. The case should have automatically been reviewed as a hate crime. The people of Queens, New York, felt that it was wrong for Doyle and his two friends to have killed Mr.. Riviera for no apparent reason. Law enforcers had to investigate the case a second time to make determination on what to label the case under. His family wanted the right kind of justice served for their victim’s murder. The people of Queens, New York believed the case should be considered a hate crime. Doyle testified in court and informed the court that he came up with the idea to kill whoever he could find as a target. Doyle and his two rinds ended up meeting up with Mr.. Riviera. Mr.. Riviera did not assume that his life would come to end on July 2, 1990. River’s family were in disbelief that Mr.. Riviera was announced dead due to his sexual status. His sister-in-law Peg Riviera did not believe Mr.. Riviera was not just murdered for doing anything wrong. She did not get to meet her brother-in-law until after 15 years. She would go and visit the bar that he loved and worked. She pointed out that Mr.. Riviera was well liked man in Queens, New York. The people eventually began to fight back for what they believed about Mr.. River’s case as a hate crime. The people of Queens, New York, protested until the authorities reviewed the case again before finalizing a decision. 5 According to Payday Halyard and Steve Combs states that, â€Å"For it is clear that various forms of harms are not distributed randomly, but fall upon people of different social classes, genders, degrees of able-bodiless, racial and ethnic groups, different ages, sexual preferences, and so on† (2007). Mr.. River’s lost his life because he was gay, but he is still considered a human that is attractive to the same sex. Everyone has the freedom of speech, to believe in what they want to believe n, and rights that are protected that cannot be violated. We as people cannot do not have control over other people’s sexual status. Gay, lesbians, and other homosexuals should not be treated any differently than normal human beings. Those that are homosexuals believe in dating the same sex instead of opposite sex. No one should not be murdered because of their sexual status. People that target homosexuals should be given life behind bars without the possibility of parole. Mr.. Riviera was picked on by three irresponsible and uncaring young adults. He deserved to be accepted no matter what he lived in. They are old enough to know that people have feelings and their feelings should matter. Innocent people that are killed because of their sexual status deserves the right kind of justice. Everybody is different in every way, but we all should be able to come together as one in this world. Homosexuality is not a crime and the police cannot arrest anyone for being gay. Homosexuals should be respected because it provides happiness to the couples. If homosexuals are not being respected their rights are being violated. Homosexuals are entitled to make considerations as straight people. They do not have to hide their identity because they represent themselves. They are people who are ready to adopt new ways of doing things. It is a fact that homosexuality is role portrayed in every society. Homosexuals are main targets that are being bullied by other people who are against their beliefs. 6 Conclusion Based from the video â€Å"Senseless Hate Crime† a homosexual man named Julio Riviera was killed because of his homosexuality. Three young adults decided to kill an innocent person whoever they saw first as a target. Doyle was the main suspect in Mr.. River’s case. Mr.. Riviera did not bother no and e work in a bar as bar tender. On July 2, 1990, Mr.. River’s life was taken and his death left a toll in the city of Queens, New York. Doyle and two of his companions were drunk at his house party and headed out to take an innocent life. Doyle and his companions did not care who they targeted. Their minds were set on killing somebody. In this case Doyle should have receive life behind bars without the possibility of parole or the death penalty. Doyle and his companions violated Mr.. River’s right. They abused his homosexuality rights as being accepted as a homosexual. They are young adults with maturing minds, but they did not have to target anyone as a victim. They were drunk and Doyle knows how his attitude gets when he is under the influence of too much alcohol. Doyle peer pressured his two companions into murdering someone, but they all were responsible for their own actions. Mr.. Riviera was only hated by Doyle and his two companions. The saying is friends do not let other friends drink alcohol. If Dole’s friend really cared for him as a friend they would have tried to change Doll?s mind about his idea. Dole’s friend could tried to reach out for help if he tried to effuse their help. How to cite Social Structure Theory Paper, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Digital Forensics Investigative Plan †Free Sample Available

Question: As part of the auditing team in capacity of a Digital Forensics expert, your task is to prepare digital forensics investigative plan to enable a systematic collection of evidence and subsequent forensic analysis of the electronic and digital data. Assuming all systems are Windows based, this plan should detail following: (1) Justify why use of the digital forensic methodology and approach is warranted including procedures for corporate investigation.(Apply with the case study) (2) Describe the resources required to conduct a digital forensic investigation, including team member skill sets and required tools. .(Apply with the case study) (3) Outline an approach for data/evidence identification and acquisition that would occur in order to prepare the auditors for review of the digital evidence. (Apply with the case study) (4) Outline an approach and steps to be taken during the analysis phase making the assumption the computer system is a Microsoft Windows-based computer. .(Apply with the case study) (5) Create a table of contents for the investigative plan describing what the primary focus of the report would be. .(Apply with the case study) Answer: Executive Summary Global Finance Company is one of the largest companies in Australia with 10,000 employees placed in all over the world, in its branches. The company has multiple sectors of interest that include investment, superannuation and retirement services. The clients of the company start from individuals to larger corporate and superannuation fund investors. The expertise of the company includes fixed interest, property, fixed interest, private equity, infrastructure and global shares. Company has initiated the global business in the year 2000, with the assistance and support of Information Technology. Information security has become a concern, over the years after setting the IT infrastructure. Company realizing the security of the information after a suspicion of compromise happened in one of its regional branch, enforces a digital forensic audit team to explore the sources of compromise with the vision of applying securing practices throughout all its branches in the world. Introduction A concern has been raised Queensland branch, in one of its regional branches by a suspicion of compromise of computer of a manager. Information security officer, at head office, who is accountable to the incident, has enforced an audit team to investigate the source of compromise and to submit the report to the officer. The case study includes the complete digital forensic process done by the audit team.Global Finance Company and the Concern Global Finance Company is an international player in the financial market with 10,000 employees working throughout the world. The company actively provides financial services both in Australia and outside Australia. The company has introduced computerization and network communication among all the branches by setting up information technology infrastructure worldwide, in the year 2000. Right from then, security of the information has not been taken as the priority and no such actions were taken accordingly. Recently a concern was raised by one of the managers from the regional branches, regarding the security of the information, as the manager suspected that the computer used had been compromised. Having no active supervision of the information and its security with poor implementation of the network segmentation and firewall, the information security officer believed the suspicion and enforced a digital forensic audit team to investigate the security concern and provide the report to the same officer. The investigation proposed was to be done over the data present in the managers computer, like MS-Word, Spreadsheets, Outlook and also deleted files. Digital Forensic Methodology The information security officer has understood that the computers and network over the regional branches are not enough secured as the firewalls and network segmentation were poor. So, the officer has proposed a macro level investigation, digital forensic methodology, which includes many of sub-methodologies like computer forensic, mobile forensic, data recovery.Whatever the digital forensic methodology applied and followed by the audit team, the team has to be abide the following principles, which are for the private company investigation. 1.The data present in the targeted computers must be preserved as is and should not be modified, as the same data has to be presented as a reference in the report.2. The audit team member must be have enough expertise, so that the original data can be handled safely, as the data is the precious and significant resource of the company.3. The audit trial and relevant documentation that is involved in the entire process must be well preserved.4. Information security officer is the whole and sole responsible for the audit and security of the information of the company. Scope of the Digital Forensic Investigation The scope of the investigation involves the following.1. To identify all possible malicious activities explored with 5Ws or why, where, what, when and who, caused for the compromise of the managers computer2. To identify the security lapse3. To identify all possible digital evidences from every computer and associated network present in the Queensland branch office4. To find and analyze the impact of the compromise to the branch5. To identify the relevant legal procedure, when illegal or alleged misconduct activity is found6. To submit the detailed final report to the chief, the information security officer, located in the head office, who takes the consequent actions to be performed to secure the information in all the branches of Global Finace. Digital Forensic Approach We apply Four Step Forensics Process for the case of Global Finance information security concern. Figure 1: FSFP Digital Forensic Model Digital Forensic Preparation For The Investigation FSFP Digital forensic investigation process is conducted in phases. The phases are, PHASE 1 - COLLECTION OF REQUIRED RESOURCES Collection is the acquisition of the data after identifying, labeling and recording it from all the computing devices in the Queensland branch. Data collection is done in two ways, volatile data collection and non-volatile data collection. While the data is got ready for the collection, the impact of investigation also has to be made, in terms of down time and productivity of the company. Managers computer should not shut down as the running system can give crucial information, about the compromise. Volatile Data Acquisition The managers computer, which is the targeted computer must be accessed through the LAN connection. Here the servers and workstations are run on Microsoft Windows and the same OS based. cryptcat tool can used to hear from the server of the network. A tool set that is trusted to be used and record through cmd.exe file. Then the commands have to be executed. Cryptcat 6543 k key Cryptcat -1 p 6543 k key Graphical user interface tools also are to be used like RootKit Revealer, Tcpview and Process explorer for collection potential hidden data of the system. other Windows based tools that are to be used on the Windows based systems are, HBGrays fastDump to aquire the local physical memory HBGrays F-Response to acquire remote physical memory Ipconfig for collecting the subject system details Netusers and qusers for identifying logged in user information Doskey or history for collecting command history Netfile for identifying the drivers and services Volatile data acquisition is done from various computing resources. RAM or Random Access Memory, Cache memory and registry Information from firewalls, network diagrams, servers, switches, routers, implemented networking devices like routers, etc. Data from clipboard is very significant and potential source for the forensic investigation Network connection, network data, running processes Non Volatile Data Acquisition Non volatile data is collected from the permanent storage devices. Copying the non volatile data from the regional office is done and this process is called forensic imaging. All t Permanent storage data from Hard Disc, pen drives, DVDs, CDs, pen drives, flash drives and remote computer. Online data like database logs, application logs, web server logs, Windows event logs, firewall logs, IDs logs, antivirus logs and domain controller logs All the non volatile data is collected from the target managers computer. The data has to be preserved without doing any modifications. Forensic imaging can be accomplished by various tools like, FTK, ProDiscover and EnCase. The data is copied as the read only memory by the audit team, using the write blocker. This process is different from the hard disc cloning, as it cannot give integrated data including the metadata.Apart from the volatile and non volatile data acquisition, online and offline data acquisition is also performed by the audit team. Online tools used for tracking online information are Wireshrk or ethereal tool.Once the audit team collects all the digital evidences, these evidences are to be well documented right from beginning to the end so that the integrity can be maintained. The entire media is made to be read only, till the report is submitted to the information security officer. PHASE 2: EXAMINATION After the digital evidence collection, the team does thorough examination with the help of many forensic investigation tools. The examination is conducted for the following. File System Examination NTFS or New Technology File System disc is a configuration file, and it contains MFT or Master File Table. MFT carries the important information regarding the discs and files in the operating system in the form of records of metadata. MFT carries residential and non residential files.The data stream file is stored as c: echo text_mass file1.txt:file2.txt The above can be accomplished from the command, c:more file1.txt:file2.txt Windows Registry Examination Team considers the Windows registry to be a critical source from its crutial log file, as these logs can reveal potential information about modifications done to the file, lastwrites attempted. The windows registry structure, in terms of its hives are, HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT HKEY_USERS HKEY_CURRENT_USER HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE Autostart : it is a part of registry, which is launched without the user initiation. Most Recent Used List or MRU: It shows all the current activities. User Activity: actions and activities performed by the user on taget computer can be investigated through the hive, HKEY_CURRENT_USER Audit team can gather several other clues from UserAssist, Wireless SSIDs, USB Removable Storage, and many others. Audit team gathers much important evidences from the past data history of the target computer. Database Forensic Examination The database stored in the managers computer is well tracked by the team, in terms of data identification, preservation and analysis. The remote connections, IP addresses for the possibilities of authorized and unauthorized access of the target computer. They use Data Definition Language or DDL, Data Manipulation Language or DML for database transactions. Customized configuration file can be used by the team to execute Distributed Management Views and Database Consistency Checker. Network Forensic Examination Packet forensic or mining is to be tracked by the team through the network to track the network traffic for browsing data, queries, mails, etc. Network forensic is done two ways like security related data and law enforcement related data. Audit team can further grab the system information, process listing, service listing, logged on users, registry data, system information, network connection, binary dump into the memory. Packet sniffers are also used to identify, mapping, email communication, fingerprinting and many others. PHASE 3 - ANALYSIS After each and every piece of data is examined for potential unauthorized sources, the analysis is done by the team, as, Gather the unusual or hidden files For unusually opened sockets Unusual accounts Unusual application requests Malicious activities Complete file systems analysis Complete memory analysis Patching level system and updated levels Malicious activities Complete timeline analysis Malware analysis Complete event correlation analysis Malware analysis is deeply analyzed as it is the potential source of compromise and it includes the sub tasks like prefetch examination, registry examination. Audit team may use either static analysis or dynamic analysis for the malware analysis. PHASE 4 - FINDINGS The findings are then considered to be listed by the audit team and are summarized as follows, Identification of the computer of the manager by the attacker through remote access OS patches, in case not done in the target computer Identification of the source of compromise of the computer Suspected malware PHASE 5 REPORT Audit team finally generates the final report in any of the format, like verbal report, formal report, examination plan or written report. In this case a formal and written report is generated to submit to the information security officer in the head office. Final Report Purpose of the Report The report is submitted for the formal digitally investigated information about every source of compromise happened to the managers computer, and the rest of the computers in the regional office. Author of the Report Information Security Officer Incident Summary The source of the compromise explored from the managers computer is caused from x1, x2 and x3 reasons evidence Every log file and every important digital evidences tracked in the investigation analysis Analysis of the unauthorized sources, done from the sources x, y and z conclusion The managers computer and every other computing device in the regional office are thoroughly digitally investigated and finally the sources of compromise are found supporting documents Supporting documents include Volatile and non- volatile data, registry info, log info, every reports generated from the analysis tools and so on. CONCLUSON The managers computer, which is suspected for the compromise and the rest of the computing devices present in the same regional office are thoroughly and successfully examined for the potential authorized and unauthorized sources and the source of compromise has been explored and found. The final report is being submitted to the accountable person, the information security officer. REFERENCES Kenneth J. Zahn (2013), Case Study: 2012 DC3 Digital Forensic Challenge Basic Malware Analysis Exercise, GIAC (FREM) Gold Certification John Ashcroft (2001), Electronic Crime Scene Investigation, A guide for First Responders, NIJ Guide M Reith, C Carr, G Gunsch (2002). "An examination of digital forensic models". International Journal of Digital Evidence Richard Brian Adams (2012), The Advanced Data Acquisition Model (ADAM): A Process Model for Digital Forensic Practice Agarwal, A., Gupta, M., Gupta, S., Gupta, S. C. (2011). Systematic Digital Forensic Investigation Model, International Journal of Computer Science and Security, 5(1), 118-130. Armstrong, C. (2003), Mastering Computer Forensics. In C. Irvine H. Armstrong, Security Education and Critical Infrastructures Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

History Of Computers Essays (887 words) - Computer, ENIAC

History Of Computers Early Computational Devices Somewhere around 3000BC the first mechanical counting device created was the abacus. The abacus is still used today and, amazingly to me, with great speed and accuracy. In 1642 another mechanical device was created called the Pascaline (after Blaise Pascal, a famous French mathematician). The Pascaline used gears and wheels (counting-wheels) to perform the calculations. The interesting thing to note is that the counting-wheel design was used in calculators until the 1960s. The next major breakthrough in computer history revolves around Charles Babbage and his Difference Engine and Analytical Engine. The machines that Charles designed in the early 1800s were not electronic computers as we know them now but they were general-purpose computational devices that were designed to be driven by steam. Charles is credited with being the Father of Computing due to the fact that his designs were WAY ahead of his time. He laid the foundation for the modern computer. Fuentes 2 Early Computers Another computer development spurred by the war was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) produced by a partnership between the U.S. government and the University of Pennsylvania. Consisting of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints, the computer was such a massive piece of machinery that it consumed 160 kilowatts of electrical power, enough energy to dim the lights in an entire section of Philadelphia. Developed by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John W. Mauchly (1907-1980), ENIAC, unlike the Colossus and Mark I, was a general-purpose computer that computed at speeds 1,000 times faster than Mark I. These first computers were extremely large, slow, and inefficient. Many things happened between the creation of the ENIAC and now. Among the most interesting and pertinent to us in this course is the development of the microcomputer. The major development of the microcomputer took place in the 1970s during a time when most of us were alive to witness it firsthand. During this time we have seen the creation of huge and very profitable corporations including Microsoft, Apple, Dell, Compaq, etc. and the growth and prosperity of pioneering companies like IBM. Fuentes 3 Generations of Computers... First Generation The first generation of computers took place during the mid1940s to the late 1950s. The computers that were created during this time used vacuum tubes and wires for their circuitry. If you've ever had or been around a vacuum tube television, radio, or amplifier you know that, when they are left on for any length of time, they get very hot and, like light bulbs, they burn out. In addition to vacuum tubes, the first-generation computers used magnetic drums for main memory. The use of magnetic drums and vacuum tubes required that these computers were HUGE, some up to half a football field in size! They also were very expensive to operate, generated a lot of heat, used a lot of electricity, and failed (shut down) often. The programming of these computers (having them perform a different task) required that wires were disconnected from one place and connected to another or that one circuit was turned on and another turned off. All programming during this generation was done in Machine Lan guage - the language of the machine (1s and 0s)! Fuentes 4 Second Generation The second generation of computers took place during the late 1950s to mid 1960s. Just like the evolution of televisions, radios, and amplifiers during this time revolved around the shift from vacuum tube to transistor, so did computers. The use of transistors allowed radios, TVs, amplifiers, and computers to become much smaller, faster, less energy-draining, etc. Main memory (RAM) shifted from revolving magnetic drums to tiny wire-wrapped magnetic donuts called magnetic core memory. This also allowed computers to become much smaller and more efficient. Programming languages evolved from the 1s and 0s of machine language to something closer to the language of humans. These languages are known as assemblers and early high level languages and were easier to use for humans but required more work by the computer. They are still a long cry from English. Companies that were purchasing computers during this time were using them mostly for accounting purposes and interacted with the computer via punched cards for input and reams of printed paper for output. Fuentes 5 Third Generation The

Monday, November 25, 2019

World Is Flat Essay

World Is Flat Essay World Is Flat Essay The world is flat To be totally honest with you Bill I had to re-read these chapters over and over again to understand it and hopefully I understand it. He is showing us a world moving faster than most can keep up. â€Å"America’s place in the fast-evolving world economic platform, Friedman presents not only the problems we face, but preventative measures and possible solutions.† What it all comes down to is the world of business and the technology is going far and beyond advance then most people in business can keep up with. Friedman warns of the forces that could seriously harm or slow the flattening of the world, particularly the threat posed by terrorist networks such as Al-Qaeda. His perspective is refreshing in a media driven largely by scare tactics and fear mongering as he encourages a realistic and objective approach to this threat. Friedman gives us a list of â€Å"the ten forces† which are: 1. Collapse of Berlin Wall- Friedman explains that this symbolized the end to cold war and it also allowed people on the other side of the wall to come join the economic mainstream. 2. Netscape- made the audience bigger for the internet from its roots as a communication medium mostly used by geeks to something that can be used by everyone around the world. It wouldn’t matter how old you are or if you’re good with computers or a computer geek, everyone can use the Web. 3. Work flow software- This as Friedman explained is the ability of a machine to communicate to another machine without an actual human being involved or part take in this. 4. Uploading-Communities collaborating and uploading on online projects. Friedman considers the phenomenon "the most disruptive force of all." 5. Outsourcing- Has allowed companies to split service and manufacturing activities into components, with each component performed in most efficient, cost-effective way. 6. Offshoring- Offshoring just means manufacturing’s version of outsourcing. 7. Supply-Chaining-Friedman compares the modern retail supply chain to a river, and points to Wal-Mart as the best example of a company using technology to streamline item sales, distribution, and shipping. 8. Insourcing- Friedman uses UPS as a prime example for insourcing, in which the company's employees perform servicesbeyond shippingfor another company. For example, UPS itself repairs Toshiba computers on behalf of Toshiba. The work is done at the UPS hub, by UPS employees. 9. In-forming- Google and other search engines are the prime example. "Never before in the history of the planet have so many people-on their own-had the ability to find so much information about so many things and about so many other people", writes Friedman. 10. â€Å"The steroids†- Our own personal devices like cell phones, iPods, personal digital assistants, instant messaging, and voice over Internet Protocol Friedman believes these first three forces have

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Dissertation Example Based on the discussion of the results of these statistics, a few recommendations like improved customer relations, improved the additional amenities, improved supply chain management and other retail management methods, following government guidelines like PPG6 and Town Centre Partnerships. Chapter 1 - Research Introduction 1.1. Chapter Introduction : 1.2. Research Scenario: 1.3. Aim and Objectives of the Research : 1.4. Research Questions and Hypotheses: 1.5. Scope of the Research: 1.6. Research methodology: 1.7. Research Organization: 1.8. Chapter conclusion: Chapter 2 - Literature Review 2.1. Introduction: 2.2. The Retail scenario: 2.3. Impact of globalisation: 2.4. Retail changes in UK and Cyprus: 2.5. Impact of changes on small supermarkets: 2.6. Steps to recover the Town Centres / small supermarkets : 2.7. Chapter conclusion: Chapter 3 – Research Methodology 3.1. Introduction: 3.2. ... Primary data processing and data presentation 4.3. Descriptive statistics of the Research data: 4.4. Histogram and Tally analysis: 4.4.1. Histogram and Tally analysis of questions towards customers: 4.4.2. The Histogram and Tally analyses of the questions towards retail owners: 4.5. Correlation analysis: 4.6. Chapter Conclusion: Chapter 5 – Discussion and Recommendation 5.1. Discussion based on statistical Analysis: 5.2. Recommendations: Chapter 6 - Research Conclusion Chapter 1 - Research Introduction 1.6. Chapter Introduction : This chapter introduces the research concept in terms of the research background and the scope of the research work. The aim of the research, main research question, research hypotheses are introduced to give an in depth understanding of the purpose of this research. Finally the pattern of organizing this research work has also been given. 1.7. Research Scenario: During the past decades the shopping trends among people have changed tremendously. The p eople who were purchasing from market towns have started their shopping in out of town large super markets. This transition from traditional shopping to shopping under globalized and monopolized conditions was quite noticeable during the transitional period in the UK from 1950’s. The concept of supermarkets (all under one roof) was emerged that, indeed, provided greater variety, accessibility and choice of products to potential customers. The phenomenal growth of out-of-town supermarkets because of changing lifestyles of people all across the world (this will be elaborated in chapter one) compelled British government to conduct its own survey in September 1998 on nine market town locations in Britain to know the impact of these new supermarkets on small businesses and markets in

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

ENVIROMNMENTEL ANALYSIS CASE STUDY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

ENVIROMNMENTEL ANALYSIS CASE STUDY - Essay Example The retail firm operates on the basis of several formats like Discount Stores, Supercenters, Neighborhood Markets and Marketside to help cater to different levels of customer needs (Walmart Corporate, 2011). The business environment of Wal-Mart like any other business firm is divided along both internal and external facets. The internal environment of the firm is governed by the family ownership of Wal-Mart being the largest stakeholders. Further, the firm works in a centralized fashion with higher management settled at Arkansas. The retail firm strategizes its internal operations with a view to reduce the operational cost and binds the workers to each other. It continually promotes research and development activities to innovate newer private label products. (Environmental Scanning, n.d.). The external environment of the firm is composed of economic, political, social and technological factors. Further being internationally spread the firm is amenable to environmental changes of the different nations and also faces global completion from a large number of retailers. (Wal-Mart Case Study, 2010). Business Environment of a Firm The business environment of a firm is composed of such factors belonging to the external side of it and would affect the present and future operations of the firm. Moreover, different business firms have different types of business environment which is thus situational in nature. Specifically, the business environment of a firm is divided into two factors viz. general and task. The general business environment is also known as the social environment and encompasses the macro-economic factors affecting the business operations. On the other hand, the ‘task environment’ of a business firm encompasses the factors which can be managed by the firm itself and thus relate to the micro-business environment. The general business environment of a business firm can be further sub-divide into the culture and historical status of the region or country to which the firm belongs. Moreover, it also encompasses the technological and economical development of the region and other such demographic factors like age and income level of the population. The total set of social and legal factors including government rules and regulations govern the external environment of the firm. On the other hand, the task environment of the business firm being the micro-economic environment is composed of factors like suppliers, customers, other competing firms, legal and regulatory issues of the local government and other technological changes. The general environment being huge easily governs the task environment of a business firm and thereby governs the business processes of the specific firm. (Kew & Stredwick, 2005.p.1-2). International Business Environment of a Business Firm The international environment of a business firm is mainly governed by the general macro-economic factors of the different countries in which the business company has set up its regional centers. The business environment of the firm is affected by the different social, cultural, legal and ethical norms of the different societies in which the business house has set up its outlets and offices. Again, the cultural and social factors differ from region to region. Thus, a business entity may perform flexibly in one area while operating in a certain economy while on the other it may face certain hurdles while trying to perform the same business

Monday, November 18, 2019

Scientific misconduct Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scientific misconduct - Essay Example on the other hand, refers to manipulating research equipment, materials, or processes or omitting (changing) results or data such that the study is not correctly represented in the records. Plagiarism is the stealing of another individual’s processes, ideas, words or results without giving proper credit. Scientific misconduct has dire consequences (Broad & Wade, 1982). It can ruin careers of researchers who knowingly write publications based on false research. If this is done by clinical researchers, some patients may suffer due to the wrong information on different types of treatment. A proper example is an article on fraud by Lancet published in Wakefield et al. (1999) (Koocher & Keith 2010). It linked a vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella to autism. This caused a massive drop in vaccinations that could have resulted in several deaths, in children who were not protected. Falsification also does delay scientific progress especially when researchers misuse research funds, as well as waste time, following false research. A case in point is false claims by physicist Jan Hendrik Schon that he had built high performance plastic transistors, plus the world’s organic laser. This resulted in several laboratories wasting resources and years trying to duplicate his findings (Koocher & Keith 2010). Scientific misconduct ruins the image of the field in which the falsified research is carried out. It diminishes faith in science. Unfortunately, concrete information on the escalating cases of fabrication or falsifying of research in science is not available. The only estimate of the rise in research misconduct is a survey by Koocher & Keith (2010). According to the findings, approximately 1.5% of all research done annually is false. Out of the 155,000 researchers supplied by the National Institution of Health (NIH) funding, there were 2,335 incidents of poss ible misconduct yearly, sixty percent of them involving falsification or fabrication of data. It is worth

Friday, November 15, 2019

Avoid Problems Of Cross Cultural Communication Commerce Essay

Avoid Problems Of Cross Cultural Communication Commerce Essay Cross-cultural communication exists when people from differing cultures have reached a certain degree of understanding regarding their differences. For understanding to take place, both people must have some form of knowledge or awareness regarding the norms or customs that exist in each others culture. Verbal and nonverbal communications can contain implied meanings, as well as certain degrees of symbolism. For successful communication to take place, background knowledge concerning values, norms and perceptions is necessary in order for clear, effective communication to take place. The key to effective cross-cultural communication is knowledge. It is essential that people understand the potential problems of cross-cultural communication, and make a conscious effort to overcome these problems and important to assume that ones efforts will not always be successful, and adjust ones behavior appropriately For example, one should always assume that there is a significant possibility that cultural differences are causing communication problems, and be willing to be patient and forgiving, rather than hostile and aggressive, if problems develop. One should respond slowly and carefully in cross-cultural exchanges, not jumping to the conclusion that you know what is being thought and said. Active listening can sometimes be used to check this out-by repeating what one thinks he or she heard, one can confirm that one understands the communication accurately. If words are used differently between languages or cultural groups, however, even active listening can overlook misunderstandings. Often intermediaries who are familiar with both cultures can be helpful in cross-cultural communication situations. They can translate both the substance and the manner of what is said. For instance, they can tone down strong statements that would be considered appropriate in one culture but not in another, before they are given to people from a culture that does not talk together in such a strong way. They can also adjust the timing of what is said and done. Some cultures move quickly to the point; others talk about other things long enough to establish rapport or a relationship with the other person. If discussion on the primary topic begins too soon, the group that needs a warm up first will feel uncomfortable. A mediator or intermediary who understands this can explain the problem, and make appropriate procedural adjustments. Yet sometimes intermediaries can make communication even more difficult. If a mediator is the same culture or nationality as one of the disputants, but not the other, this gives the appearance of bias, even when none exists. Even when bias is not intended, it is common for mediators to be more supportive or more understanding of the person who is of his or her own culture, simply because they understand them better. Yet when the mediator is of a third cultural group, the potential for cross-cultural misunderstandings increases further. In this case engaging in extra discussions about the process and the manner of carrying out the discussions is appropriate, as is extra time for confirming and re-confirming understandings at every step in the dialogue or negotiating process. The impact different cultures have on peoples behavior, emotions and thought processes are the focus of cross-cultural psychology. The norms and values within a culture go a long way toward shaping a persons psychological make-up and how she interacts with her environment. The social structures, manners and values within a culture determine what types of experiences a person has had. These experiences work to shape perceptions, expectations, as well as a persons sense of identity within the context of society. Cross-cultural research examines how different cultures compare in terms of human behavior. The purpose of this research is to address the growing conflicts and global concerns that arise as a result of cultural differences. Statistical data is compiled to determine how prevalent particular norms or customs are within a culture. This helps with determining how influential particular customs are within the workings of a society. Steps to bridge communication differences are addressed by understanding how customs develop and how they affect the behaviors that take place within a society. CULTURAL DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES For understanding cultural issues in organizational setting against international perspective, it is essential to understand employee behavior. Five basic conclusions can be drawn about cross-cultural impact on employee behavior: First, individual behavior in organizational setting varies across cultures. Thus, employees based in India, Japan, U.S. and Germany is likely to have different attitudes and patterns of behavior. The behavior patterns are likely to be widespread and pervasive within an organization. Second, culture itself is an important variable for this variation. There are also other factors like differing standards of living and varied geographical conditions which cause variations in behavior. However, culture is a significant factor. Third, although behavior within organizational setting remains quite diverse across cultures, organizations themselves appear to be increasingly similar. Hence, managerial practices at a general level may be alike, but the people who work with in organizations differ markedly. Fourth, the same manager behaves differently in different cultural settings. A manager may adopt one set of behaviors when working in one culture, but may change those behaviors when moved into a different culture. Lastly, cultural diversity can be an important source of energy in enhancing organizational effectiveness. More and more organizations are realizing the virtues of cultural diversity, but surprisingly, little do they know how to manage it. Business Problems in Cross Cultural Communication Business is headed in a decidedly international direction and this means that there will be some changes. Corporations are looking to make doing business as easy as they possibly can, but this new move out multi-national business has created a new set of challenges. The most unavoidable of these new business challenges is a barrier in cross-cultural communication. When people do business, they need to be speaking the same language. Even if two folks are not naturals of a certain language, there must exist a certain consistency in the verbiage in order to avoid some potentially catastrophic circumstances. In addition, more and more managers are seeing problems within their own workplace because of a lack of understanding of other cultures. This problem is not an international one. It simply involves two people of a different ethnic background who do not understand the other culture well enough to effectively communicate with each other. This occurs most commonly because businesses do not emphasize this portion of their training. Before a business can take effective action to pre-empt the problems in cross-cultural communication, they must know exactly what these problems are. In general, they seem pretty obvious. On the surface, they seem like things that the businesses should never miss. Time and time again, businesses miss these things though and it contributes to their downfall. A complete lack of communication is the most common and damaging of all of these problems. This most often occurs when managers and upper level management do not feel the need to communicate with their workers because they do not know how. When your people are left in the dark, they do not perform well. This problem in cross cultural communication has as much to do with a lack of information sharing than it does the inability to get that message across. Obviously, choice of words and diction is important when speaking to people of a different culture. Not only must you be able to use the correct jargon in order to allow them to clearly understand your message, but you must also be careful not to use terms which might be offensive to that person. Generally, workers do not mean to harm anyone when they choose hurtful words, but the damage can often times be irreparable. In this case, it is always better to be safe than to be sorry. Problems in cross cultural communication will continue to plague businesses until they make a conscious effort to change some things. In general, people do not communicate well with each other because they are uneducated about the little things that a different culture might do. With some effort, this can be changed and corporate profitability can improve. CROSS CULTURAL DIFFERENCES Managers in todays multicultural global business community frequently encounter cultural differences, which can interfere with the successful completion of projects. This paper describes the most well-known and accepted theories of cultural differences and illustrates them with examples from international project management. Two leading studies of cross-cultural management have been conducted by Greet Hofstede [1] and Fons Trompenaars [2]. Both approaches propose a set of cultural dimensions along which dominant value systems can be ordered. These value systems affect human thinking, feeling, and acting, and the behavior of organizations and institutions in predictable ways. The two sets of dimensions reflect basic problems that any society has to cope with but for which solutions differ. They are similar in some respects and different in others. The dimensions can be grouped into several categories: 1)  Relations between people.  Two main cultural differences have been identified. Hofstede distinguishes between  individualism  and collectivism.  Trompenaars breaks down this distinction into two dimensions:  Ã‚  universalism versus  particularize  and  individualism  versus communitarians. 2)  Motivational orientation.  Societies choose ways to cope with the inherent uncertainty of living. In this category Hofstede identifies three dimensions:  masculinity  versus  femininity,  amount of uncertainty avoidance,  and  power distance. 3)  Attitudes toward time.  Hofstede distinguishes between  a long-term  versus  a short-term orientation.  Trompenaars identifies two dimensions:  sequential versus synchronic  and  inner versus outer time. How to Overcome Cross Cultural Communication Step 1 Run meetings to expose your employees to other cultures. Introducing employees who will be working together in a non-threatening environment enables a good working relationship long term. Learning about another cultures language, rules and norms for acceptable behavior helps prepare your employees to deal with situations as they arise. Changing preconceptions can lead to more conducive working relationships. Step 2 Conduct activities to demonstrate how dependent we are on language. For example, dedicate a day to being silent. Have each employee develop a contract stating what they hope to learn, how long they will remain silent (what exceptions can be made) and how they plan to cope without speaking all day. After experiencing a day with limited communication, participants can typically relate to being in a foreign environment more easily. Step 3 Provide workshops, tips and techniques for communicating effectively in cross-cultural work environments. People act according to the values of their own culture. Others from another culture might interpret behavior differently. Practicing such strategies as active listening (paraphrasing what is said to ensure understanding can be achieved) and using multiple forms of communication, such as written, audio and visual, can enhance employee involvement in assuring that conflicts do not arise because of cultural misunderstandings due to lack of awareness. Step 4 Coach employees to mediate conflicts related to cultural misunderstandings. Provide opportunities for employees to respond to situations from viewpoints different than their own. Divide a group of people into pairs to conduct role-playing exercises that allow participants to acknowledge culture difference exist. Encourage each pair to think about a conflict they have experienced recently due to cultural differences. Have each participant describe what they might find offensive or unusual. Let each participant suggest how the problem would be handled in their own culture. Together, have the participants develop a resolution to the problem. Have each pair report to the larger group on their experiences. Take it slow A common objection that non-native speakers raise is the speed with which native speakers tend to communicate. Whether youre speaking to someone who is just beginning to learn the language or a long-time English speaker who hails from a different culture, its helpful to modulate the pace of your speech. However, keep in mind that if you slow down too much, the effect may be insulting. Active listening An effective strategy for improving cross-cultural communication is what experts call active listening. This technique involves restating the other speakers statements to ensure you understand their meaning and asking frequent questions. This is a great way to ensure that important information doesnt slip through the cracks in a cross-cultural conversation. Group information in small size If you stop to think about it, even a single sentence in a conversation between two fluent speakers can contain a great deal of information. Thats why cross-cultural communication experts recommend limiting the amount of information you try to convey at one time. Stick to simple, direct instructions and explanations, and try to avoid complex, multi-part sentences. Cultural assumptions If youve ever traveled to a foreign country, you probably realize just how much of our verbal and non-verbal communication relies on a shared set of cultural beliefs and attitudes. When youre speaking to someone from another culture, try to avoid things like jokes, slang, or references that might be confusing or misleading to a non-native speaker. In doubt, adopt for friendly formality North American English speakers often adopt a casual, informal approach to conversations, even when they are addressing a stranger or a new acquaintance. This approach may be off-putting or unsettling to someone from a different cultural background. To ensure that youre conveying an appropriate level of respect, use a more formal mode of speaking and gradually scale back the level of formality as the relationship develops. Motivation and training of multi-cultural project teams Traditional projects, as national projects, may be affected by personality conflicts. Cultural differences among project team members may create additional misunderstanding throughout the project life cycle. The impact of cultural factors such as language barriers, time differences, and socio-economic, political, and religious diversity may result in a normative pattern prescribing a range of permissible actions so as to encourage self-interest. Motivating project team members may encounter significant barriers in multi-cultural project communications. The context of international projects includes cultural diversity, where participants are continuously learning. This fact influences training and educational approaches and has an impact on attitudes toward the use of technology, the amount of practice, reinforcement, and level of interaction with the instructor to which learners from other educational systems are accustomed. NEEDS of Cross-Cultural Communication Within the business context, cross cultural communication refers to interpersonal communication and interaction across different cultures. This has become an important issue in our age of globalization and internationalization. Effective cross cultural communication is concerned with overcoming cultural differences across nationality, religion, borders, culture and behavior. Cross cultural communication is critical to the business world. The diversity of people in cities and countries means an element of cross cultural communication will always be needed whether it is between staff, colleagues, customers or clients. Awareness of cultural differences can favorably impact the success of a business. Improved staff interaction, better customer relations and effective client management are all areas that will reap benefits through cross cultural understanding. Although cross cultural communication competency can only be truly achieved through cross cultural awareness training, language acquisition, foreign travel and cultural immersion there are some guidelines that can enhance your cross cultural communication skills. Speaking Skills Listening and speaking must work in tandem for effective cross cultural communication. Speaking well is not about accent, use of grammar and vocabulary or having the gift of the gab. Rather, cross cultural communication is enhanced through positive speech such as encouragement, affirmation, recognition and phrasing requests clearly or expressing opinions sensitively. Observation Large amounts of cross cultural information can be read in peoples dress, body language, interaction and behavior. Be aware of differences with your own culture and try to understand the roots of behaviors. Asking questions expands your cross cultural knowledge. Patience Man has been created differently and we need to recognize and understand that sometimes cross cultural differences are annoying and frustrating. In these situations patience is definitely a virtue. Through patience respect is won and cross cultural understanding is enhanced. Flexibility Flexibility, adaptability and open-mindedness are the route to successful cross cultural communication. Understanding, embracing and addressing cross cultural differences leads to the breaking of cultural barriers which results in better lines of communication, mutual trust and creative thinking. Following these five cross cultural communication needs will allow for improved lines of communication, better cross cultural awareness and more successful cross cultural relationships.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Domestic Terrorism Essay -- Violent Crime National Terror Essays

Domestic Terrorism National terrorism has been the focus of attention since September 11. But now domestic terrorism is becoming increasingly common among hate groups across the nation. Domestic terrorism can be defined as visible crime, or â€Å"street crime.† These acts would consist of violent crimes, (acts against people in which injury or death results) property crimes (acts that threaten property held by individuals or the state) and public order crimes. (acts that threaten the general well-being of society and challenger accepted moral principles) It can also however be described as political crime, (criminal acts by or against the government for ideological purposes) which would include the 9/11 and the Oklahoma City bombing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This article directly relates to the definition of sociology, which is the systematic study of social behavior and human groups. This news item is sociological because it focuses on terrorism which is an act of violence (social/deviant behavior) against a person, group, or an entire nation (human groups). This article focuses on the behavior of domestic terrorist groups or gangs of people such as â€Å"the white supremacists, anti government types, militia members, eco-terrorists and people that hate corporations.† [1] â€Å"They include violent anti-abortionists and black and brown nationalists who envision a separate state for blacks and Latinos.† [1] Throughout this article I will use domestic terrorist groups as the name for the groups listed above. (hate groups, etc.) Many sociological concepts can be applied to this news article; however there are four specific ones which I feel are the best, which are social structure, roles, deviance and social control. Every society has a social structure, which is the way in which a society is organized into predictable/patterned relationships. This relates directly to the human groups, i.e. white supremacists etc. discussed in the news article. When you belong to such a group you stand for something, and the people that occupy the group consider it their own society in which they make their own rules and regulations. They take on different roles which are deviant to our society but acceptable to theirs. In the case of this article these groups all plan and/or commit violent acts against people or other groups because they believe it’s acceptable, which according to us would be orga... ... a mailing list. This would include each organization being sent a packet including the survey (however formatted), and a letter requesting their participation. Then, over a period of time monitor which organizations respond and which do not. Of the ones that don’t respond, a letter of reminder or even another packet could be sent back to the organization. After that, another letter could be sent but it should probably stop at that point, as the organizations probably don’t want to respond. In conclusion domestic terrorism is recognized by all law enforcement agencies as a â€Å"problem.† They all agree that this issue needs to be deeply looked at and that efforts to counter domestic terrorism must develop quickly. Although, in the article â€Å"police say the number of people arrested for plotting domestic terrorist acts is greater than the number of people arrested for actually carrying out the terrorist acts,†[1] there is still lots of work to be done on the issue. There should be an equal amount of focus on national and domestic terrorism in our country. References: [1] Copeland, Larry. â€Å"Domestic Terrorism: New trouble at home.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  USA TODAY 15 Nov. 2004, natl. ed. : 1A – 2A